Class Representation: Opt-in, Opt-out, or Representative Action?

This paper aims to discuss one of the key themes underlying the recent European Commission’s public consultation on collective redress, i.e. which of the alternative class action models-opt-out, opt-in, and representative actions-would be best suited to pursue collective redress of EU law in national courts, and to what extent an EU legislative initiative is needed to ensure the efficacy of a would-be European class action and its co-existence with th