Administrative Penalty Guidelines Against Monopoly In China – An Empirical Analysis

By Chenying Zhang – 

Public enforcement, which played an important role in the China Anti-Monopoly system, faces some challenges, including wide discretion of fines, different application and understanding of rules, and few confiscations of illegal gains. China drafted guidelines on calculating the illegal gains and fines to resolve these issues. The guidelines take a profit-based criterion to calculate illegal gains, using the difference between the results generated in reality and in an