Are Clinically Integrated Physician Networks Candy-Coated Cartels?

Are “clinically integrated” physician networks that jointly contract with third-party payors such as Blue Cross little more than “candy-coated” cartels? If the answer is not necessarily, then how can one distinguish the good (i.e., those that raise consumer welfare) from the bad (i.e., those that do not)? While the Antitrust Division of the U.S. Department of Justice (“DOJ”) and the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) (co