Open Ecosystems: Benefits, Challenges, and Implications for Antitrust

This paper delves into the intricate nature of ecosystem openness, underscoring the point that openness of ecosystems must be understood more as a spectrum than a mere binary state. We discuss the benefits and challenges associated with open ecosystems, and the role of centralized governance to ensure ecosystems’ sustainable and effective functioning. We discuss some implications for antitrust, arguing that ecosystem openness is not binary but exists along a continuum. Considering the inherent